1856年5月6日 18:30 LMT

出生地：チェコ・モラヴィア地方フライベルク

(資料）

ジークムント・フロイト

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 （ジグムント・フロイト から転送） 移動: ナビゲーション, 検索 画像:Sigmund Freud.jpg ジクムント・フロイトジークムント・フロイト（Sigmund Freud、1856年5月6日 - 1939年9月23日）は、オーストリアの精神分析学者。生まれたときの名はジギスムント・シュローモ・フロイト（Sigismund Schlomo Freud）だが、21歳のときにSigmundと改めた。オーストリアの東欧系ユダヤ人（アシュケナジム）の家庭に生まれた。神経病理学者を経て精神科医となり、神経症研究、自由連想法、無意識研究、精神分析の創始を行い、さらに精神力動論を展開した。 彼の記録した数々の有名な症例報告は、彼の非常に詳細で精密な観察眼を示すものであり、現在においても研究に値するものである。精神力動論はその後彼の弟子たちに伝えられ、様々な学派により改良され、現在でも精神医学のみならず現代の文化・人間理解に大きな影響を与えている。その研究は後の世の精神医学、臨床心理学などの基礎となってきたが、やはり現代ではもはや古典である。彼の理論は「一般的」なものではなく、彼自身患っていた症状について詳しく記述しただけで、一事例の事例報告でしかない、という批判も現在ではある。

生涯

1856年、オーストリア帝国・モラヴィアのフライベルク Freiberg（現チェコ・プシーボル P?ibor）で毛織物商人ヤーコプ・フロイト（45歳）の息子として生まれる。母親はブロディ出身のアマーリア・ナータンゾーン Amalia Nathansohn (1835?1930)で、ユダヤ法学者レブ・ナータン・ハレーヴィの子孫と伝えられている。同母妹にアンナ、ローザ、ミッチー、アドルフィーネ、パウラがおり、同母弟にアレクサンダーがいる。このほか、父の前妻にも2人の子がいる。モラヴィアの伝説の王Sigismundとユダヤの賢人王ソロモンにちなんで命名された。家族は1859年ウィーンに引っ越す。1866年シュペルル・ギムナジウムに入学。1873年ウィーン大学入学、2年間物理などを学び、医学部のエルンスト・ブリュッケの生理学研究所に入りカエルやウナギなど魚類の神経を研究、その論文はウィーン科学協会でブリュッケ教授が発表した。1881年ウィーン大学卒業。1882年、後の妻マルタ・ベルナイスと出逢う。脳の中での神経活動としての心理活動（すなわち「力動」）を解明するという壮大な目的で、自由連想法や精神力動論を考案した。しかし後年、その目的への程遠さにも気づいていた。 自身がユダヤ人であったためか、弟子もそのほとんどがユダヤ人であった。また当時、ユダヤ人は大学で教職を持ち、研究者となることが困難であったので、フロイトも市井の開業医として生計を立てつつ研究に勤しんだ。そのため精神分析の誕生の当初は、ユダヤ人の似非科学のような揶揄、非難を浴びせられた。その意味でも、非ユダヤ系でチューリッヒ大学講師でもあった、スイス人の研究者カール・グスタフ・ユングに特別の期待をかけ評価していたが、のち訣別。 彼自身の子どもたちの中で、アンナ・フロイトのみが父の仕事を引き継ぎ、児童心理学の世界で活躍し、これが晩年の彼の慰めのひとつになった。 1923年(67歳)、喫煙によるとみられる白板症（ロイコプラキア)を発症、以後死に至るまで口蓋と顎の癌手術を33回も受けている。16年間に及ぶ闘病生活にもかかわらず強靭な精神力か、著述、学会、患者治療に超人的活動を続けた。1938年、ナチス・ドイツに追われてロンドンに亡命。1939年（83歳）、末期ガンに冒されたフロイトはモルヒネによる安楽死を選択し、ロンドンで生涯を終えた。最後の日々を過ごした家は、現在、フロイト博物館になっている。 苗字のFreudはヘブライ名のシムハ（????Simcha; "喜び"を意味する）の独訳に由来するが、英語圏では、初期の精神分析学に対する社会的不信から、しばしばFraud（詐欺師）と揶揄された。

Biography

Sigmund Freud was born May 6, 1856, in a small town -- Freiberg -- in Moravia. His father was a wool merchant with a keen mind and a good sense of humor. His mother was a lively woman, her husband's second wife and 20 years younger. She was 21 years old when she gave birth to her first son, her darling, Sigmund. Sigmund had two older half-brothers and six younger siblings. When he was four or five -- he wasn't sure -- the family moved to Vienna, where he lived most of his life. A brilliant child, always at the head of his class, he went to medical school, one of the few viable options for a bright Jewish boy in Vienna those days. There, he became involved in research under the direction of a physiology professor named Ernst Brucke. Brucke believed in what was then a popular, if radical, notion, which we now call reductionism: "No other forces than the common physical-chemical ones are active within the organism." Freud would spend many years trying to "reduce" personality to neurology, a cause he later gave up on. Freud was very good at his research, concentrating on neurophysiology, even inventing a special cell-staining technique. But only a limited number of positions were available, and there were others ahead of him. Brucke helped him to get a grant to study, first with the great psychiatrist Charcot in Paris, then with his rival Bernheim in Nancy. Both these gentlemen were investigating the use of hypnosis with hysterics. After spending a short time as a resident in neurology and director of a children's ward in Berlin, he came back to Vienna, married his fiancee of many years Martha Bernays, and set up a practice in neuropsychiatry, with the help of Joseph Breuer. Freud's books and lectures brought him both fame and ostracism from the mainstream of the medical community. He drew around him a number of very bright sympathizers who became the core of the psychoanalytic movement. Unfortunately, Freud had a penchant for rejecting people who did not totally agree with him. Some separated from him on friendly terms; others did not, and went on to found competing schools of thought. Freud emigrated to England just before World War II when Vienna became an increasing dangerous place for Jews, especially ones as famous as Freud. Not long afterward, he died of the cancer of the mouth and jaw that he had suffered from for the last 20 years of his life.

経歴

（http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/freud.htm#H1より引用）

Freud was born in Frieberg, Moravia in 1856, but when he was four years old his family moved to Vienna, where Freud was to live and work until the last year of his life. In 1937 the Nazis annexed Austria, and Freud, who was Jewish, was allowed to leave for England. For these reasons, it was above all with the city of Vienna that Freud's name was destined to be deeply associated for posterity, founding as he did what was to become known as the 'first Viennese school' of psychoanalysis, from which, it is fair to say, psychoanalysis as a movement and all subsequent developments in this field flowed. The scope of Freud's interests, and of his professional training, was very broad - he always considered himself first and foremost a scientist, endeavouring to extend the compass of human knowledge, and to this end (rather than to the practice of medicine) he enrolled at the medical school at the University of Vienna in 1873. He concentrated initially on biology, doing research in physiology for six years under the great German scientist Ernst Brucke, who was director of the Physiology Laboratory at the University, thereafter specialising in neurology. He received his medical degree in 1881, and having become engaged to be married in 1882, he rather reluctantly took up more secure and financially rewarding work as a doctor at Vienna General Hospital. Shortly after his marriage in 1886 - which was extremely happy, and gave Freud six children, the youngest of whom, Anna, was herself to become a distinguished psychoanalyst - Freud set up a private practice in the treatment of psychological disorders, which gave him much of the clinical material on which he based his theories and his pioneering techniques. In 1885-86 Freud spent the greater part of a year in Paris, where he was deeply impressed by the work of the French neurologist Jean Charcot, who was at that time using hypnotism to treat hysteria and other abnormal mental conditions. When he returned to Vienna, Freud experimented with hypnosis, but found that its beneficial effects did not last. At this point he decided to adopt instead a method suggested by the work of an older Viennese colleague and friend, Josef Breuer, who had discovered that when he encouraged a hysterical patient to talk uninhibitedly about the earliest occurrences of the symptoms, the latter sometimes gradually abated. Working with Breuer, Freud formulated and developed the idea that many neuroses (phobias, hysterical paralyses and pains, some forms of paranoia, etc.) had their origins in deeply traumatic experiences which had occurred in the past life of the patient but which were now forgotten, hidden from consciousness; the treatment was to enable the patient to recall the experience to consciousness, to confront it in a deep way both intellectually and emotionally, and in thus discharging it, to remove the underlying psychological causes of the neurotic symptoms. This technique, and the theory from which it is derived, was given its classical expression in Studies in Hysteria, jointly published by Freud and Breuer in 1895. Shortly thereafter, however, Breuer, found that he could not agree with what he regarded as the excessive emphasis which Freud placed upon the sexual origins and content of neuroses, and the two parted company, with Freud continuing to work alone to develop and refine the theory and practice of psychoanalysis. In 1900, after a protracted period of self-analysis, he published The Interpretation of Dreams, which is generally regarded as his greatest work, and this was followed in 1901 by The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, and in 1905 by Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. Freud's psychoanalytic theory was initially not well received - when its existence was acknowledged at all it was usually by people who were, as Breuer had foreseen, scandalised by the emphasis placed on sexuality by Freud - and it was not until 1908, when the first International Psychoanalytical Congress was held at Salzburg, that Freud's importance began to be generally recognised. This was greatly facilitated in 1909, when he was invited to give a course of lectures in the United States, which were to form the basis of his 1916 book Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis. From this point on Freud's reputation and fame grew enormously, and he continued to write prolifically until his death, producing in all more than twenty volumes of theoretical works and clinical studies. He was also not adverse to critically revising his views, or to making fundamental alterations to his most basic principles when he considered that the scientific evidence demanded it - this was most clearly evidenced by his advancement of a completely new tripartite (id, ego, and super-ego) model of the mind in his 1923 work The Ego and the Id. He was initially greatly heartened by attracting followers of the intellectual calibre of Adler and Jung, and was correspondingly disappointed personally when they both went on to found rival schools of psychoanalysis - thus giving rise to the first two of many schisms in the movement - but he knew that such disagreement over basic principles had been part of the early development of every new science. After a life of remarkable vigour and creative productivity, he died of cancer while exiled in England in 1939.